(Answer to question 3 is a). Edema first spreads through the bronchovascular interstitium and later through the septal interstitium, but Kerley B lines are an infrequent observation in patients with congestive heart failure. Kerley lines are most often seen in patients with chronic or recurrent heart failure.
What are Kerley A and Kerley B lines?
Kerley A lines are linear opacities extending from the periphery to the hila caused by distention of anastomotic channels between peripheral and central lymphatics. Kerley B lines are small, horizontal, peripheral straight lines demonstrated at the lung bases that represent thickened interlobular septa on CXR.
What do B lines mean?
B-lines are the manifestation of an interstitial syndrome secondary to pulmonary edema, interstitial pneumonia or pneumonitis, or diffuse parenchymal lung disease such as pulmonary fibrosis [7].
What are white lines in an xray?
White lines’ on the high energy side of the X-ray absorption discontinuity of transition elements in the metallic state have been studied in connection with self absorption of lines which involve transition electrons from incompletely filled valence levels.
What causes B lines on ultrasound?
In the presence of extravascular lung water (EVLW), the ultrasound beam finds subpleural interlobular septa thickened by edema. The reflection of the beam creates some comet-tail reverberation artifacts, called B-lines or ultrasound lung comets.
Are Kerley B lines horizontal?
Kerley B lines (arrows) are horizontal lines in the lung periphery that extend to the pleural surface. They denote thickened, edematous interlobular septa often due to pulmonary edema.
What are a lines?
The A-lines (thin arrows) are those repetitive horizontal echoic lines that arise from the pleural line at regular intervals (skin-pleural line distance). They indicate subpleural air, which completely reflects the ultrasound beam.
Where can I find B lines?
B lines (“comets”): White lines from the pleura to the bottom of the screen. Highly sensitive for pulmonary edema, but can be present at low wedge pressures.
Are B lines normal?
A few B-lines (
What are ultrasound A lines?
The A-lines (thin arrows) are those repetitive horizontal echoic lines that arise from the pleural line at regular intervals (skin-pleural line distance). They indicate subpleural air, which completely reflects the ultrasound beam.
What is Paratracheal stripe?
The right paratracheal stripe is a normal finding on the frontal chest x-ray and represents the right tracheal wall, adjacent pleural surfaces and any mediastinal fat between them. It is visible because of the silhouette sign created by air within the trachea medially and air within the lung laterally.
What are paraspinal lines?
The right paraspinal (also known as the paraspinous or paravertebral) line (or stripe) is a feature of frontal chest x-rays and is formed by the interface of the right lung and the posterior mediastinal soft tissue.
What is anterior junction line?
The anterior junction line is formed by the apposition of the visceral and parietal pleura of the anteromedial aspects of the lungs with a small amount of intervening mediastinal fat. It appears as an oblique line crossing the superior two-thirds of the sternum from upper right to lower left (,Figs 1,, ,2) (,1,,2).
